BANK EXAMINATIONS :: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS :: SET - 1

*	The new banks are required to be registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act, 1956, with initial paid up capital of (as per 1993 Guidelines) Rs. 100 Crores.
*	National Housing Bank was setup in July, 1988.
*	New Bank of India was merged with Punjab National Bank (PNB).
*	Government decided to allow new local area banks in the year 1996.
*	The minimum paid up capital for local area banks is Rs. 5 Crores and the promoter’s contribution is Rs. 2 Crores.
*	The subsidiary banks were established under the State Bank of India (subsidiary) Act of 1959.
*	National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (N A B A R D) was set up in the year 12th July, 1982.
*	If Regional Rural Banks and Co-operative banks seek permission of the RBI for opening branches, it will have to obtain recommendation from N A B A R D.
*	N A B A R D provides different types of refinance to the eligible institutions namely State Co-operative Banks, Regional Rural Banks and State Land Development Banks.
*	The Housing Bank has launched a “Home Loan Account Scheme” with effect from 01-07-1989.
*	Industrial Development Bank of India was set up in the year 1964.
*	IDBI was delinked from the RBI on 16-02-1976.
*	The Industrial Finance Corporation of India was the first development bank established in India in the year 1948.
*	ICICI was set up as a joint stock company in the year 1955.
*	The public cum right issue of capital by ICICI was in the year 1991.
*	The Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India Limited was set up in the year 1971.
*	The Tamilnadu Industrial Investment Corporation was set up as a joint stock company in 1949.
*	The Co-operative banks are organised on a "three-tier-system".
*	Punjab National Bank (1894) and People's Bank (1901) was started by Harkishan Lal Gauba.

ESSAY ON EARTHQUAKES - EDUCATIONAL - (SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY)

This is one of the Natural Disasters. These are uncontrollable events that cause sudden and massive destruction. For example, Earthquake in Gujarat. The extent of damage to life and property is so extensive that normal socio-economic mechanisms of relief are rendered inadequate. Special efforts are required to handle the situation. Analysts point out that natural disaster affecting the survival of citizens is as much an internal security concern as external aggression, internal subversion or centrifugal violence which affect our country. The ultimate benchmark for security in any civil society, in any country, is human survival, particularly when faced with natural disasters, according to analysts. The climatic, territorial and environmental diversity of a large country like India are bound to be subject to some kind of natural calamity. In recent times, India has suffered from cyclones, earthquakes, floods and tidals.

Definition: A Earthquake is "A series of shock waves in the earth's crust/upper mantle." They are the earth's natural means of releasing stress. There are several cause of Earthquakes, and they are:

1. Presence of Fault Planes and other Stressful Environments: Geological studies have revealed that earthquakes are caused by stresses within the earth. These stresses develop because of instability in the geological formations below the earth due to the presence of fault planes and other stressful environments like the internal heat of the earth. Under these conditions the rock bodies shift releasing energy in the form of shock waves which can cause earthquakes.

2. Plate Movements: Earthquakes are also caused by the movement of earth's plates - large, relatively rigid segments of the lithosphere (the solid i.e., rocky outer part of the earth's crust). When this stress is increased beyond a point, the earth's crust is forced to break. The stress is released as energy which moves through the earth in the form of waves.

The shock waves which cause the earthquakes can be classified into two categories and they are:

Surface Waves: Travel through the surface of the earth.

Body Waves: Travel through the body of the earth getting reflected and refracted in the process. The body waves can be further divided into the P (primary) and S (secondary) waves.

1. Different Velocities of Propagation in Different Mediums: The velocities of propagation differ from one medium to another as the earth is non-homogenous and layered medium. Thus, P waves can travel through a solid as well as a liquid where as the S waves can travel only through a liquid medium.

2. Different Velocities of Propagation within the Same Medium: The propagation velocities of P and S waves are also different within a given medium, with P waves travelling faster than S waves. This difference in velocities is made use of by the earth scientists in locating the epicentre of the earthquakes.

EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLOGY

1. Plate-Tectonics: According to this theory, the upper most 60-90 km thick layer of the earth called lithosphere, and is divided into several large and small plates. These plates, which are floating on the lower layer of the earth called mantle, are constantly in motion and interact with each other. The interacting margins of these plates are regions of severe deformation causing structural dislocation and earthquakes.

2. Focus: The center of the earthquake, which is the source of seismic waves produced during an earthquake.

3. Epicentre: The point on the earth's surface situated directly above the focus of an earthquake.

4. Intensity: The measure of the ground shaking and damage to the surface and the effects on humans.

5. Magnitude: The quantity to measure the size of an earthquake in terms of its energy.

6.Seismograph & Seismogram: The instrument used for recording ground motions as a function of time is called a "Seismograph" and the records are known as "Seismograms". Using these Seismograms, scientists estimate the magnitude, epicentre and focal depth of the earthquake.

7. Richter Scale: A logarithmic scale used for comparing the magnitude of earthquakes. It was invented by an American Seismologist, Charles Richter in 1935.

Magnitude represents the amount of energy released by an earthquake as determined by measurements on standardised instruments. The scale ranges from 0 to 10. On this scale, an earthquake of magnitude 8 represents seismograph amplitudes ten times larger than those of Magnitude 7. The largest earthquakes recorded were of magnitude of 8.9 (Lisbon, 1755) on the Richter scale and the smallest about minus three.

Mercalli Scale: It is more subjective in assessing the effect of earthquakes. An earthquake registering 5 on the Mercalli scale is defined as having made furniture to shake and church bells ring, but triggering little or no damage. But an earthquake measuring 12 on the Mercalli scale would have destroyed all man-made objects; and created new topography by forming new lakes, huge falls of rock and major earth faults. Russia has a 12 point scale and Japan a seven-point system.

I. Aftershocks: Earthquakes triggered either on the main-shock fault- a fracture in the rock- or near it. Bigger earthquakes have more and larger aftershocks.

In 1993, in India (Latur), 9,748 people are affected. And, in 2001, in India ( Gujarat), 13,800 are affected.

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